Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 25 Feb 2011

State-ing Natural Resources through Law: The Codification and Articulation of Water Scarcity and Citizenship in Israel

Page Range: 16 – 37
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.10.1.013746420n152132
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Using the case of the Israeli Water Law, passed between 1955 and 1959, this article makes three arguments about the relationship between legal discourse and management of natural resources. First, it argues that categories (natural and cultural) that find their way into law do not necessarily correspond with reality; rather, they should be seen as the conclusion of a process of social construction, marking winners and losers in a game of interpretation and of politics. Second, once these categories are codified, once they become part of the legal discourse, they tend to become powerful instruments in structures of power; they shape natural and political orders, despite contestations and varying interpretations. Third, one of the sources of power is the fact that these social and natural categories are articulated together in ways that make legal codes seem extremely commonsensical—what Antonio Gramsci describes as the most powerful form of ideology. On the substantive level, this article argues that the Israeli Water Law of 1959 articulates together three categories: water scarcity as “fact”; the strong and centralized state as an appropriate form of political organization; and citizenship of the modern nation-state as the ultimate fulfillment of Jewish subjectivity. These categories and their articulation with one another shaped the water law into a strong instrument in Israeli structures of power that solidified the Jewish character of state institutions and contributed to the marginalization of Israel's Palestinian citizens.

S'appuyant sur le cas de la législation israélienne sur l'eau, adoptée entre 1955 et 1959, cet article avance trois propositions sur la relation entre le discours juridique et la gestion des ressources naturelles. Premièrement, il soutient que les catégories - naturelles et culturelles - inclues dans le Droit, ne correspondent pas nécessairement avec la réalité ; au contraire, elles doivent être comprises comme le résultat d'un processus de construction sociale, caractérisant les gagnants et les perdants autour des enjeux d'interprétation et de politique. Deuxièmement, une fois ces catégories codifiées et intégrées au discours juridique, elles tendent à devenir de puissants instruments dans les structures de pouvoir, elles façonnent les ordres naturels et politiques, en dépit de contestations et d'interprétations divergentes. Troisièmement, une des sources de pouvoir est le fait que ces catégories sociales et naturelles soient articulées de façon à produire des codes juridiques qui paraissent émaner du bon-sens commun — ce qu'Antonio Gramsci décrit comme la forme la plus puissante de l'idéologie. Quant au contenu, cet article montre que la loi israélienne sur l'eau de 1959 met en relation trois catégories : la pénurie d'eau comme un « fait »; un État fort et centralisé comme une forme appropriée d'organisation politique ; et enfin la citoyenneté de l'État-nation moderne comme l'accomplissement ultime de la subjectivité juive. Ces catégories et leur articulation les unes aux autres ont façonné la législation sur l'eau en un vigoureux instrument des structures de pouvoir israéliennes, consolidant le caractère juif des institutions étatiques et contribuant à la marginalisation des citoyens palestiniens d'Israël.

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