Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 04 Dec 2012

Hezbollah’s Unfettered Righteousness: The Pursuit of a Millennial Creed

Page Range: 218 – 231
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.11.4.mh363lt341451645
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Hezbollah is a grassroots politico-military movement that derives its legitimacy from wali al-faqih, Iran’s supreme leader. Since its first public appearance in February 1985, Hezbollah has succeeded in transforming itself from a shadowy organization focused on instilling awe and shock in its perceived enemies into an institution with firm support from Lebanese Shi’ites. It is the Shi‘ites who supply Hezbollah with its foot soldiers and sanctions its military component within Lebanon’s divisive political system. This paper argues that Hezbollah is both a comprehensive movement (in the sense that it performs varied functions spanning military, political, and social spectra) and a totalitarian movement (to the extent that has re-socialized Lebanese Shi'ites to believe in its mission and commit themselves to it unquestioningly). The author traces the evolution of the social, religious, and political background of Hezbollah’s founders and incumbent leaders and pursues the linkages between Hezbollah and its Lebanese Shi'ite constituency, which amount to a comprehensive package of social services. The confessional setup of the Lebanese political system allows Hezbollah to present itself as a powerful patron vis-à-vis a politically undifferentiated local Shi'ite community.

Le Hezbollah est un mouvement politico-militaire de base qui tire sa légitimité du wali alfaqih, le guide suprême iranien. Depuis sa première apparition publique en février 1985, le Hezbollah a réussi à se transformer d’une organisation de l’ombre qui visait à inspirer le respect et la terreur aux yeux de ses ennemis, en une institution qui jouit du soutien de la communauté chiite libanaise avec qui elle maintient de nombreuses et fortes relations ociales, économiques et politiques. Ce sont les chiites qui fournissent le Hezbollah en militants armés et qui légitime l’inclusion de sa composante militaire dans le jeu complexe du système politique libanais. Cet article montre comment le Hezbollah est à la fois un mouvement très complet (dans le sens qu’il remplit de nombreuses fonctions couvrant les dimensions militaire, politique et sociale) et un mouvement totalitaire (dans la mesure où il a resocialisé les chiites libanais afin qu’ils adhèrent à sa mission et qu’ils s’y consacrent sans hésitation). L’auteur retrace l’évolution des racines sociales, religieuses et politiques des fondateurs du Hezbollah et de ses chefs actuels et analyse les relations entre le Hezbollah et sa base chiite libanaise, un lien qui passe par un vaste programme de services sociaux. Le caractère confessionnel du système politique libanais permet au Hezbollah de se mettre en avant comme le puissant protecteur d’une communauté locale chiite politiquement indifférenciée.

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