Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 24 Feb 2011

Mapping Beirut: Toward a History of the Translation of Space from the French Mandate through the Civil War (1920-91)

Page Range: 119 – 135
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.12.3-4.t923868061464973
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What can we learn about the regional and global history of Beirut through an investigation of the history of mapping? Maps are traces left behind by the operation of power, and they reflect the production of spatial relations and exclusions. The way in which Beirut has been understood as a symbol first for the promise, then the failure, of a secular, liberal multi-ethnic city in the Arab Middle East is revealing both of the geography of Eurocentric historical imaginaries and of the strengths, incoherence, and frailties of modern forms of power. Drawing on original archival research in Beirut, this article examines maps, urban plans, and aerial photography as a key site of translation—a term from actor-network theory that refers to the processes whereby one actor (not necessarily human) in some way affects another. It works toward a history of the translation of space by examining how maps, territories, and populations have been coproduced in three periods important to the mapping of Beirut: the French Mandate (1920-46), the early years of Lebanese statehood in the Chehabist development era (late 1950s-60s), and the civil war (1975-1991).

Que pouvons-nous apprendre des facettes de l'histoire régionale et mondiale de Beyrouth grâce à l'étude de l'histoire de la cartographie ? Les cartes sont les traces de l'action du pouvoir ; elles reflètent la production de relations spatiales et d'exclusions. La façon dont Beyrouth a d'abord été lue comme le symbole de la promesse, ensuite comme celui de l'échec d'une ville laïque, libérale et multiethnique dans le Proche-Orient arabe, dévoile à la fois la géographie des imaginaires historiques eurocentriques, et les forces, les faiblesses et les incohérences des formes modernes du pouvoir. En se basant sur une recherche originale menée sur des archives à Beyrouth, cet article examine les cartes, les plans urbains et les photographies aériennes comme des formes de « traduction ». Ce terme, issu de la théorie de l'acteur-réseau, fait référence aux processus par lesquels un acteur (qui n'est pas nécessairement humain) en affecte un autre. Cet article construit ainsi une histoire de la traduction de l'espace en étudiant comment les cartes, les territoires et les populations ont été coproduits durant trois périodes importantes pour la cartographie de Beyrouth : le Mandat français (1920-46), les premières années de l'indépendance libanaise marquées par la période chéhabiste de développement (la fin des années 1950 et les années 1960), et enfin la guerre civile (1975-1991).

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