Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 24 Feb 2011

Typhoid Fever in Sudan: Some Geographic and Time Considerations from 2000 through 2008

Page Range: 173 – 187
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.12.3-4.477nm37355107610
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Typhoid is used worldwide as an indicator of the level of public health, since it is caused mainly by unhygienic conditions. This article describes geographic and temporal trends of typhoid in northern Sudan as indicative of the level of community hygiene from 2000 to 2008, based on official governmental statistics published in 2009-10. Southern Sudan is excluded for this period because of lack of data. The main findings show that typhoid has a general fluctuating pattern, while three-year prevalence rates depict a steady increase. Regional differences by three-year prevalence rates are remarkable between the central region, including Khartoum and Gezira, and other regions of Sudan; these differences are statistically significant at all significance levels. Geographic proximity is influential in the distribution of typhoid within Sudan's states. The three-year prevalence rates distinguished two major groups of spatial distribution of typhoid by state. The first group shows a continuous increase in typhoid and includes central and western Sudan; the second group consists of two separated pockets of a fluctuating pattern of typhoid in eastern and western Sudan. Proportional change by state before the base year of 2004 shows a lower percentage relative to the period 2005-8, with few exceptions. Rank correlation between percent change in population and percent change in typhoid by state is weak at 0.01. The author proposes the “ESENGEO” model to assess and reduce typhoid in Sudan.

La fiévre typhoïde est utilisée dans le monde entier comme un indicateur du niveau de santé publique, car elle est principalement causée par de mauvaises conditions hygièniques. Cet article décrit les tendances spatiales et temporelles de la présence de la typhoïde dans le Soudan septentrional comme une indication du niveau d'hygiène communautaire entre 2000 et 2008, en se basant sur des statistiques officielles publiées en 2009-2010. Le Soudan méridional en est exclu par manque de données. Les principaux résultats montrent que la fréquence de la typhoïde fluctue dans le temps, mais que les taux de prevalence sur trois ans signalent une augmentation régulière. Les différences régionales de ces taux de prevalence sont remarquables si l'on compare la région centrale (qui comprend les régions de Khartoum et de Gezira) aux autres régions du Soudan ; ces différences sont statistiquement signifiantes à tous les niveaux. La proximité géographique influence la distribution de la typhoïde dans les différentes divisions administratives du pays. Pour les taux de prevalence sur trois ans, on peut distinguer deux groupes principaux de régions en fonction de distribution spatiale de la fièvre : le premier groupe montre une augmentation continue de cette maladie et comprend le Soudan central et occidental ; le second groupe consiste en deux poches de fluctuations séparées: l'une au Soudan occidental et l'autre au Soudan oriental. Les changements proportionnels par région avant la date de référence de 2004 montrent un pourcentage moins élevé pour la période 2005-2008, avec peu d'exceptions. La corrélation entre le pourcentage de la croissance démographique et le pourcentage de l'évolution de la typhoïde par région est faible (0.01). L'auteur introduit le modéle « Esengeo » pour évaluer et ainsi contribuer à réduire la typhoïde au Soudan.

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