Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 24 Feb 2011

Decolonization through Secularization: A Geopolitical Reframing of Turkey's 1924 Abolition of the Caliphate

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Page Range: 1 – 19
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.13.1.h1qg21j105230670
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Following World War I, answers to the Eastern Question emerged amid the Great Powers' occupation of former Ottoman territories. In this context of “decolonization,” there were numerous contending perspectives on matters relating to both religious and politcal institutions. Breaking from traditional and contemporary scholarly works that narrowly depict the abolition of the caliphate in terms of secularization, this article situates the experience in terms of contemporary geopolitical realities (i.e., the recent conclusion of an almost five-year European occupation of Istanbul and the emergent nation-state based in Ankara since 1920). Employing unique primary sources in Ottoman Turkish, the authors thus critically assess the abolition not as a matter of callous and universal secularization but, rather, as an experience of decolonization. In doing so, they contend that the elimination of the caliphate resulted from an emerging nation-state's attempts both to assert sovereignty and to decolonize from within amid Western powers' endeavours to institute neo-colonial hegemonies over former Ottoman territories while simultaneously extolling the virtues of decolonization and seeking to co-opt the caliphate as an indigenous instrument for the subjugation of Muslims in the Middle East and South Asia.

Á la suite de la Première Guerre mondiale, des solutions à la Question d'Orient ont été proposées par les grandes puissances lors de l'occupation des territoires de l'Empire ottoman moribond. Dans ce contexte de “décolonisation ”, de nombreux points de vue s'opposaient autour des questions concernant les institutions religieuses et politiques. En se démarquant des travaux académiques habituels ou contemporains décrivant l'abolition du califat en termes étroits de sécularisation, cet article positionne l'événement dans le cadre des réalités géopolitiques du moment : la fin récente de près de cinq ans d'occupation européenne d'Istanbul et de l'émergence depuis 1920 de l'État-Nation turc basé à Ankara. En consultant des sources primaires uniques en turc ottoman, les auteurs examinent de façon critique l'abolition du califat qui ne serait pas une simple question de sécularisation insensible et universelle, mais plutôt une expérience de décolonisation. Ce faisant, ils affirment que l'élimination du califat fut le résultat des efforts d'un État-Nation naissant d'affirmer sa souveraineté et de se décoloniser de l'intérieur, pendant que des puissances occidentales oeuvraient pour consolider leurs hégémonies néocoloniales sur les territoires autrefois ottomans. Simultanément, ce nouvel État exaltait les vertus de la décolonisation en tentant de coopter le califat comme un outil local pour la asservir les musulmans du Moyen- Orient et de l'Asie du Sud.

Primary Sources [Note that Ottoman sources listed sometimes appear with dates from the Hicri (i.e., Ottoman religious) calendar and at other times with dates from the Rumi (i.e., Ottoman fiscal/administrative) calendar. Thus a publication dated to 1924 on the Gregorian (i.e., Western) calendar may vary two years, or so, in the dates on what is assumed to be an “Islamic” calendar.]

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