Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 07 Nov 2011

New Media, Geopolitics, and Terror: Discursive Analysis of Bush and Bin Laden's Rhetoric

Page Range: 215 – 234
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.14.3.eq242xw41511k4t3
Save
Download PDF

Emerging like a ghost or a phantom, the media played a central role in the rise and demise of Osama bin Laden. Despite his radicalism, his constant targeting and killing of civilians in both the Arab and the Western worlds, and the threat he posed to U.S. targets worldwide, much of the power attributed to bin Laden and Al-Qaeda was constructed discursively. By analyzing the mediated rhetoric of bin Laden and the United States and their media-utilization techniques, this study argues that both sides made use of mass media in promoting their respective ideological dichotomies of the world to further purely radical goals. To advance their respective political/military stratagems, both George W. Bush's and Osama bin Laden's geographical divisions of the world amplified their radical discourse, since the "clash of civilizations" rhetoric intersected with bin Laden's conceptualization of the "two worlds," stressing the disparities between Muslims and the West, inflating fear, and intimidating and destabilizing the world. Three media-related factors have aided this process. The first is fixing the label "terrorism" on non-state actors while excluding state violence from being treated as such. Second is the extensive use of the media by "terrorists," aided by the symbiotic relationship binding the media with the terrorists. Third is the convergence of media and communication technologies—allowing the Internet to carry text, audio, and audio-visual messages, downloadable in multiple formats.

Se manifestant régulièrement, les médias ont joué un rôle central dans l'ascension et la chute d'Oussama Ben Laden. Malgré son radicalisme, ses attaques meurtrières ciblant des civils tant dans le monde arabe qu'occidental, et malgré la menace qu'il faisait planer sur des cibles américaines dans le monde, une grande partie du pouvoir attribué à Ben Laden et à Al-Qaïda était un construit discursif. En analysant la rhétorique médiatisée de Ben Laden et des États-Unis et leurs techniques de manipulation des médias, cette étude démontre que les deux camps ont utilisé les médias pour propager chacun leur idéologie mondiale dichotomique dans le but de promouvoir leurs objectifs radicaux propres. Afin de les atteindre, les divisions géographiques du monde de George W. Bush et de Oussama Ben Laden, ont amplifié leurs discours extrémistes : la rhétorique du « choc des civilisations » et la conceptualisation de Ben Laden des « deux mondes » se sont recoupés en soulignant les différences entre les musulmans et l'Occident, en démultipliant la peur, et en intimidant et déstabilisant le monde. Trois facteurs médiatiques ont facilité ce processus. Le premier a été de désigner des acteurs non-étatiques comme des « terroristes » tout en excluant la violence d'État de ce qualificatif. Le second est l'utilisation intensive des médias par les « terroristes » facilitée en cela par la relation symbiotique entre les médias et les terroristes. Le troisième est la convergence des médias et des technologies de communication— permettant à Internet de faire circuler du texte, des messages audio et audio-visuels, tous déchargeables dans de nombreux formats.

Azzam, M. 2008. Understanding Al Qaida. Political Studies Review 6:340–54.

Bueno de Mesquita, E., and Dickson, E. 2007. The propaganda of the deed: Terrorism, counterterrorism and mobilization. American Journal of Political Science 51(2):364–81.

Buttenfield, B.P. 2004. Terrorism, information technology and vulnerability. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94(4):992–94.

Collins, J., and Glover, R. 2002. Collateral language: A user's guide to America's new war. New York: New York University Press.

Combs, C. C. 2003. Terrorism in the twenty-first century. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Cornan, R., and Schiefelbein, S. 2006. Communication and media strategy in the jihadi war of ideas. Tempe, Arizona: Consortium for Strategic Communication.

Dalby, S. 1991. Critical geopolitics: Discourse, difference and dissent. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 9:261–83.

Der Derian, J. 2005. Imaging terror: Logos, pathos and ethos. Third World Quarterly 26(1):23–37.

El-Ibiary, R. 2010. One war, two televised worlds: Comparative analysis of Al- Jazeera and CNN in covering the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Berlin: Lambert Academic Publishing.

Enders, W., and Sandler, T. 2005. The political economy of terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fandy, M. 2007. The (un)civil war of words: Media and politics in the Arab world. London: Praeger Security International.

Fouda, Y., and Fielding, N. 2003. Masterminds of terror: The truth behind the most devastating terrorist attack the world has ever seen. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing.

Grosscup, B. 2006. Strategic terror: The politics and ethics of aerial bombardment. London: Zed Books.

Hobbs, J. J. 2005. The geographical dimensions of Al-Qa'ida rhetoric. Geographical Review 95(3):301–27.

Hoffman, B. 1998. Inside terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.

Huntington, S. 1996. The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Jackson, R. 2005. Writing the war on terrorism: Language, politics and counterterrorism. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press.

Lawrence, B. 2007. OLB as a media star: The making of an info age anti-hero." Plenary address, UCLA Jihadi Islam Conference, Los Angeles, California, November. http://www.international.ucla.edu/cms/files/Bruce-Lawrence.pdf

Lynch, M. 2006. Al-Qaeda's media strategies. The National Interest, 1 March.

Miles, H. 2005. Al-Jazeera: How Arab TV news challenged the world. London: Arabcus.

Mustafa, D. 2009. "Terrorism." In International encyclopedia of human geography, ed. R. Kitchin and N. Thrift, 209–14. London: Elsevier.

Nacos, B. L. 2002. Mass-mediated terrorism: The central role of the media in terrorism and counterterrorism. London: Rowman & Littlefield.

Nacos, B. L. 2006. Terrorism/counterterrorism and the media in the age of global communication. United Nations University Global Seminar, Second Shimame–Yamaguchi Session: Terrorism—A global challenge, 5–8 August.

Nacos, B. L., Bloch-Elkon, Y., and Shapiro, R. 2007. Post 9/11 terrorism threats, news coverage, and public perceptions in the United States. International Journal of Conflict and Violence 1(2):105–26.

Rogan, H. 2007. Abu Reuter and the e-jihad: Virtual battlefronts from Iraq to the Horn of Africa. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 8(1):89–96.

Seib, P. 2008. The Al-Qaeda media machine. Military Review (May–June): 74–80.

Solomon, N. 2003. Decoding the media fixation on terrorism. Dissident Voice, 22 May. http://dissidentvoice.org/Articles5/Solomon_Media-Terrorism.htm

Soriano, M. R T. 2008. Terrorism and the mass media after Al-Qaeda: A change of course? Athena Intelligence Journal 3(1):1–20.

Stillman, P. 2003. The changing meaning of terrorism. Perspectives on Evil and Human Wickedness 1(2):81–90.

Tuman, J. S. 2003. Communicating terror: The rhetorical dimensions of terrorism. London: Sage Publications.

  • Download PDF