Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 24 Jan 2012

Between Two Masters: Khuzestan, Southern Iraq, and Dualities of State Making in the Arab/Persian Gulf

Page Range: 336 – 361
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.14.4.b8485q77540q1h05
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The south-west Iranian province of Khuzestan is commonly identified in the contemporary Middle East studies and policy literature as a historic front of tensions between Iran and Iraq, as well as a centre of antagonism between the Ahwazi Arab identity and the nominally Persian Islamic regime. However, although much scholarship exists on the historical development of the area and its inhabitants, conventional accounts have largely neglected to analyze its ambiguous and interactive role in the long-range process of Iranian and Iraqi state formation. This article examines the position of Khuzestan within these dual evolutionary trajectories by isolating several relevant factors, including state-building patterns, physical geography, boundary definition, tribal ethnography, and interstate conflict, and assesses their relative influence on past and present conditions in the neighbouring territories of south-west Iran and southern Iraq. Finally, it considers the role of Khuzestan in the reconfiguration of Iraqi statehood that has taken place since the U.S.–British invasion of 2003. The author concludes that the absence of literally defined borders between nations and the degrading of power projection across distances represented in classical Muslim geography remain useful concepts in interpreting the challenges of governance by administrative elites and the relational nature of state making in both sub-regions.

La province du Khuzestân, dans le sud-ouest iranien, est souvent associée, dans les travaux de sciences politiques contemporaines sur le Moyen-Orient, comme un front historique de tensions entre l'Iran et l'Irak ; ce serait également une source d'antagonisme entre l'identité arabe Ahwazi et le régime islamique persan. Cependant, bien que de nombreux travaux existent sur le développement historique de cette région et de ses habitants, les récits conventionnels ont le plus souvent négligé l'analyse de son rôle ambigu et interactif dans le processus de longue haleine de la construction étatique des États iranien et irakien. Cet article examine la place du Khuzestân dans ces trajectoires doubles et évolutives, en isolant un certain nombre de facteurs pertinents, tels les structures de la construction étatique, la géographie physique, le tracé des frontières, l'ethnographie tribale et les conflits interétatiques. Il évalue ensuite leur influence relative dans les contextes passés et présents des territoires voisins du sud-ouest iranien et du sud irakien. Enfin, il examine le rôle du Khuzestân dans la reconfiguration de l'État irakien suite à l'invasion anglo-américaine de 2003. L'auteur conclut que l'absence de frontières clairement définies entre nations et la perte d'efficacité de la puissance projetée avec l'augmentation des distances, deux points souvent décrits dans la géographie classique musulmane, restent des concepts utiles pour interpréter les défis à la gouvernance par les élites administratives ainsi que la nature relationnelle de la construction étatique dans ces deux espaces.

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