Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 06 May 2013

Popular Protests and the Governance of Scarce Fresh Water in Jordan

Page Range: 267 – 301
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.15.4.28h6277746xv2578
Save
Download PDF

As uprisings and protests swept across the Arab world, some regimes collapsed, while others continue to confront sporadic but persistent street protests. The latter face the challenge of daily governance and the need to respond to the popular grievances that drive these protests. Under such conditions, leaders have an opportunity to undertake extensive reforms in response to societal grievances. Jordan's governance of scarce domestic water resources is a case in point. Jordan has experienced periodic but persistent protests; people are dissatisfied with corruption, opaque governance, poor economic conditions, and inadequate public services—including insufficient household water. The Ministry of Water and Irrigation can use this domestic discontent to empower itself to improve its governance of scarce water resources. Poor implementation of existing water laws has contributed to numerous small- and large-scale thefts from the municipal water system, while ineffectively targeted subsidies contribute to the wasteful use and overconsumption of this scarce resource, as well as straining budgets. By drawing on domestic discontent, the ministry can empower itself to cut water subsidies available to high-consuming elites and high-income foreigners. The ministry can also draw on the current wave of dissatisfaction with corruption to implement existing laws that strongly prosecute water theft. Together, these policy changes can save substantial quantities of water that can be delivered to households that lack water, while also decreasing budget deficits.

Comme les révoltes et les protestations balayaient le Monde arabe, certains régimes se sont effondrés alors que d’autres continuent à affronter des manifestations sporadiques mais persistantes. Ces derniers font face au défi de la gestion quotidienne et à la nécessité de réagir aux doléances populaires qui animent ces protestations. Dans de telles circonstances, les dirigeants ont la possibilité d’entreprendre de vastes réformes afin de répondre aux griefs de la société. La gestion des rares ressources en eau domestique en Jordanie est un cas typique. La Jordanie a périodiquement connu des protestations fortes; les citoyens sont mécontents de la corruption, du manque de transparence, de mauvaises conditions économiques, des services publics insuffisants— comme le manque d’eau domestique. Le Ministère de l’eau et de l’irrigation pourrait s’appuyer sur ce mécontentement populaire pour se donner les moyens d’améliorer la gouvernance des rares ressources en eau. Une mauvaise mise en oeuvre des lois existantes relatives à la gestion de l’eau a facilité de nombreux détournements d’eau du réseau municipal, que ce soit à petite ou grande échelle, tandis que des subventions mal réparties contribuent au gaspillage, à la surconsommation de cette ressource rare, et à des difficultés budgétaires. En puisant dans le mécontentement local, le ministère pourrait se donner les moyens de supprimer les subventions attribuées aux élites surconsommatrices et aux étrangers aux revenus élevés. Le ministère pourrait aussi se baser sur la vague actuelle de mécontentement à l’égard de la corruption, pour appliquer les lois existantes qui autorisent des sanctions sévères contre le détournement d’eau. Pris ensemble, ces changements de politique pourraient économiser de grandes quantités d’eau qui pourraient alors alimenter les ménages qui en manquent, tout en réduisant les déficits budgétaires.

Abu-Shams, I., and Rabadi, A. 2003. The strategy of restructuring and rehabilitating the greater Amman water network. Water Resources Development 19(4):173-83.

Ajloun residents protest against prices, water shortage. 2011. Jordan Times, 2 August.

Al-Assa’d, T. 2010. The need for residential water and wastewater tariff restructuring in Jordan and its impact on the poor. Paper presented at the Arab Countries Water Utilities Association's Arab Water Week Conference, Amman, 5-9 December.

Albani, R., Soer, G., and Tarawneh,T. 2011. Instituting water demand management in Jordan (Idara): Evaluation. USAID Report, 15 June. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDACT245.pdf http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDACT245.pdf

Alpert, P., Krichak, S.O., Shfir, H., Haim, D., and Osetinsky, I. 2008. Climatic trends to extremes employing regional modeling and statistical interpretation over the E. Mediterranean. Global and Planetary Change 63:163-70.

Al-Sharif, M. 2012. Interview with the author, Amman, 14 May. [Coordinator and Chief Technical Advisor, United Nations Joint Programme (Adaptation to Climate Change and MDG Achievement at Jordan's UN country team and UNDP)]

Amery, H. 2002. Water wars in the Middle East: A looming threat. GeoJournal 168(1):1-11.

Amery, H., and Wolf, A., eds. 2000. Water in the Middle East: A geography of peace. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Amnesty International. 2011. Tunisia in revolt: State violence during anti-government protests. London: Amnesty International.

Anderson, L. 2011. Demystifying the Arab Spring. Foreign Affairs 90:2-7.

Andoni, L., and Schwedler, J. 1996. Bread riots in Jordan. Middle East Report, October-December: 40-42.

Assi, R., and Ajjour, R. 2009. Jordan's second national communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Ministry of Environment of Jordan, United Nations Development Programme. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/jornc2.pdf http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/jornc2.pdf

ATEEC and QUASIR. 2011. Jordan water demand management study. Prepared for the Ministry of Water and Irrigation of Jordan, supported and funded by the French Development Agency. December. http://cmimarseille.org/_src/EW2_EtudesJordanie.pdf http://cmimarseille.org/_src/EW2_EtudesJordanie.pdf

Bakir, P. H. 2010. Survey findings of government institutions effort in water, energy and environment. Final Report no. 4, USAID, Jordan.

Barnard, A., and Cumming-Bruce, N. 2013. U.N. cites record numbers as Syrians flee to Jordan. New York Times, 25 January.

Chenoweth, J. 2008. Minimum water requirement for social and economic development. Desalination 229(1):245-56.

Choucair, J. 2006. Illusive reform: Jordan's stubborn stability. Carnegie Papers 76. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

DAI. 2011. Public expenditure perspective. USAID. http://dai.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/pep_book.pdf http://dai.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/pep_book.pdf

Darmame, K., and Potter, R. 2009. Socio-economic variations in water consumption, household management strategies and satisfactions in Greater Amman, Jordan: The results of a quantitative household survey. Geographical Paper No. 186, University of Reading. http://www.reading.ac.uk/web/FILES/geog/GP186.pdf http://www.reading.ac.uk/web/FILES/geog/GP186.pdf

Department of Statistics, Jordan. 2013. Population and growth rate estimation, 1999-2012. http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm

Dougherty, C. 2010. A comparison of public and private sector earnings in Jordan. Conditions of Work and Employment Series No. 24. Geneva: International Labour Organization. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-ed_protect/—-protrav/—-travail/documents/publication/wcms_145334.pdf http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-ed_protect/—-protrav/—-travail/documents/publication/wcms_145334.pdf

Elmusa, S. 1995. The Jordan-Israel water agreement: A model or an exception? Journal of Palestine Studies 24(3):63-73.

El-Naser, H. 2012. Interview with the author, Amman, 25 April. [former Minister of Water and Irrigation and former Minister of Agriculture]

Evans, J. P. 2009. 21st century climate change in the Middle East. Climate Change 92:417-32.

Farrell, S. 2012. Demonstrations whisper of an Arab Spring in Jordan. New York Times, 9 February.

Fregonese, S. 2011. Beyond the domino: Transnational (in)security and the 2011 protests. Commentary. Society and Space—Environment and Planning D, 20 October. http://societyandspace.com/2011/10/20/sara-fregonese-arabprotests/ http://societyandspace.com/2011/10/20/sara-fregonese-arabprotests/

French Agency of Development [FAD]. 2011. Water demand management in Mediterranean countries: Thinking outside the water box! Jordan case study, March.

Gause, F. G. III. 2011. Why Middle East studies missed the Arab Spring: The myth of authoritarian stability. Foreign Affairs 90:81.

Gavlak, D. 2012. Jordan's king under pressure as reforms stall. BBC News, 9 May. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17993500 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17993500

Hadadin, N., Qaqish, M., Akawwi, E., and Bdour, A. 2010. Water shortage in Jordan—sustainable solutions. Desalination 250(1):197-202.

Haddadin, M. 2002. Diplomacy on the Jordan: International conflict and negotiated resolution. Berlin: Springer.

Haddadin, M. 2006. Evolution of water administration and legislation. In Water resources in Jordan, ed. M. Haddadin, 28-51. Washington. D.C.: Resources for the Future.

Helfont, S., and Helfont, T. 2012. Jordan: Between the Arab Spring and the Gulf Cooperation Council. Orbis 56(1):82-95.

Hindya, M. 2012. Interview with the author, Amman, 7 May. [Assistant to the General Secretary for the Division of Labs and Quality, Water Authority]

Honoré, G. 2012. Interview with the author, Amman, 24 April. [Programme Coordinator, German-Jordanian Programme Management of Water Resources]

Hummel, D. 2008. The interaction of population dynamics and transformations in water supply systems in the Jordan River Basin. In Climatic changes and water resources in the Middle East and North Africa, ed. F. Zereini and H. Hotzl, 497-518. Berlin: Springer.

Humpal, D., El-Nasser, H., Irani, K., Sitton, J., Renshaw, K., and Gleitsmann, B. 2012. A review of water policies in Jordan and recommendations for strategic priorities. USAID, April http://tinyurl.com/crhz4oy http://tinyurl.com/crhz4oy

International Crisis Group [ICG]. 2012. Popular protest in North Africa and the Middle East (IX): Dallying with reform in a divided Jordan. Middle East/North Africa Report N° 118, 12 March. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iran%20Gulf/Jordan/118-popular-protest-in-north-africa-and-themiddle-east-ix-dallying-with-reform-in-a-divided-jordan.pdf http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iran%20Gulf/Jordan/118-popular-protest-in-north-africa-and-themiddle-east-ix-dallying-with-reform-in-a-divided-jordan.pdf

Iskandarani, M. 2002. Economics of household water security in Jordan. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Islamists warn against raising energy, water prices. 2012. Jordan Times, 12 January.

Jones, T. 2010. Desert kingdom: How oil and water forged modern Saudi Arabia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Jordan and its king: As beleaguered as ever. 2012. The Economist, 13 October. http://www.economist.com/node/21564595 http://www.economist.com/node/21564595

Jordan Red Sea Project [JRSP]. 2011. Information meeting presentations, 6 January. http://www.jrspjordan.com/JRSP%20Informaton%20Meeting%20-%20Presentations%20-%2006%20January%202011.pdf http://www.jrspjordan.com/JRSP%20Informaton%20Meeting%20-%20Presentations%20-%2006%20January%202011.pdf

Jordan's ex-spy chief jailed for corruption. 2012. BBC News, 11 November. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20286407 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20286407

Karak residents protest against water cuts. 2012. Jordan Times, 24 July.

King visits village in Karak, issues directives to address water cuts. 2012. Jordan Times, 21 July.

Komives, K., Foster, V., Halpern, J., and Wodon, Q. 2005. Water, electricity, and the poor.Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Kurdi corruption case hearings continue. 2013. Jordan Times, 7 February.

Lust-Okar, E. 2004. Divided they rule: The management and manipulation of political opposition. Comparative Politics 36(2):159-79.

Lynch, M. 2011. The big think behind the Arab Spring. Foreign Policy, 28 November. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/11/28/the_big_think http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/11/28/the_big_think

Lynch, M. 2012. The Arab uprising: The unfinished revolutions of the Middle East. New York: Perseus.

Marketing Research Organization [MRO]. 2010. KAP household—baseline survey. USAID Jordan.

Mehyar, M. 2012. Interview with the author, 25 April. [Chairperson, Friends of the Earth Middle East]

Ministry of Water and Irrigation [MWI]. 2009. Water for life: Jordan's water strategy, 2008-2022. www.emwis.org/media_server/files/J/6/JO_Water-Strategy09.pdf www.emwis.org/media_server/files/J/6/JO_Water-Strategy09.pdf

Ministry of Water to introduce new meters. 2009. Jordan Times, 10 August.

Muasher, M. 2011. A decade of struggling reform efforts in Jordan: The resilience of the rentier system. Carnegie Papers. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. http://carnegieendowment.org/files/jordan_reform.pdf http://carnegieendowment.org/files/jordan_reform.pdf

Namrouqa, H. 2009a. Campaign to target overuse in western Amman. Jordan Times, 24 July.

Namrouqa, H. 2009b. Study shows lack of trust in water safety. Jordan Times, 16 October.

Namrouqa, H. 2010a. Culprits in water theft cases face fines, jail. Jordan Times, 21 July.

Namrouqa, H. 2010b. Large-scale theft posting threat to capital's water supply— Miyahuna. Jordan Times, 9 June.

Namrouqa, H. 2010c. Most Jordanians aware of water scarcity—study. Jordan Times, 24 June.

Namrouqa, H. 2010d. New tariffs, monthly billing system to go into effect October 1. Jordan Times, 20 June.

Namrouqa, H. 2010e. No plans to draft new water law. Jordan Times, 11 June.

Namrouqa, H. 2010f. Quality of drinking water: myths and facts. Jordan Times, 30 August.

Namrouqa, H. 2010g. Steal water, go to jail, new campaign warns. Jordan Times, 25 August.

Namrouqa, H. 2011a. Authorities discover illegal pipe diverting drinking water to farms. Jordan Times, 11 August.

Namrouqa, H. 2011b. Conservationists advocate cultivation of native plants to reduce water use. Jordan Times, 18 December.

Namrouqa, H. 2011c. Experts call for stricter enforcement of water-related laws. Jordan Times, 26 March.

Namrouqa, H. 2011d. Miyahuna employees stage sit-in. Jordan Times, 4 May.

Namrouqa, H. 2011e. Miyahuna encourages Amman residents to rethink water from the ground up. Jordan Times, 4 January.

Namrouqa, H. 2012a. Cabinet to rule on expanding water subsidies. Jordan Times, 16 January.

Namrouqa, H. 2012b. Demand for water rises 6% in 2012 as deficit reaches 400m cubic meters. Jordan Times, 27 December.

Namrouqa, H. 2012c. Implementation of Jordan Red Sea Project to begin early next year. Jordan Times, 28 March.

Namrouqa, H. 2012d. Ministry reverts to quarterly billing system. Jordan Times, 8 March.

Namrouqa, H. 2012e. Red Sea project to be scaled down. Jordan Times, 21 November.

Neimat, K. 2011. PM refers Shahin file to Lower House. Jordan Times, 23 December.

Obeidat, O. 2010. Government not lifting water subsidy. Jordan Times, 10 February.

Obeidat, O. 2011a. “Drastic measures” needed to address budget woes. Jordan Times, 7 July.

Obeidat, O. 2011b. Smart cards proposed as means to target gov't subsidies. Jordan Times, 12 October.

Obeidat, O. 2012a. Government to review fuel prices every month as of 2013. Jordan Times, 19 November.

Obeidat, O. 2012b. Fuel prices up after subsidies removed, decision triggers protests. Jordan Times, 13 November.

Odeh, N. 2009. Towards improved partnerships in the water sector in the Middle East: A case study of Jordan. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.

Pace, M., and Cavatorta, F. 2012. The Arab uprisings in theoretical perspective—an introduction. Mediterranean Politics 17(2):125-38.

Peel, M. 2011. Jordan's Abdullah faces problems at home even as he criticizes Syria's Assad. Washington Post, 15 November. http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-11-15/world/35283088_1_political-parties-foreignobservers-jordanians http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-11-15/world/35283088_1_political-parties-foreignobservers-jordanians

Pitman, G. T. K. 2004. Jordan: An evaluation of Bank assistance for water development and management. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. http://www.oecd.org/countries/jordan/36489193.pdf http://www.oecd.org/countries/jordan/36489193.pdf

Providing water to all households a priority. 2011. Jordan Times, 19 July.

Qadi calls for an end to water network violations. 2010. Jordan Times, 28 August.

The rich spend JD2 billion on fuel—official. 2012. Jordan Times, 16 October.

Ryan, C. 1998. Peace, bread and riots: Jordan and the International Monetary Fund. Middle East Policy 6(2):54-66.

Ryan, C. 2011. Identity politics, reform, and protests in Jordan. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 11(3):564-78.

Salameh, E. 2012. Interview with the author, Amman, 30 April. [Professor of Water Sciences, University of Jordan].

Salman, A., Karablieh, E., and Haddadin, M. 2008. Limits of pricing policy in curtailing household water consumption under scarcity conditions. Water Policy 10(3):295-304.

Salman, A., Karablieh, E., Wolff, H.-P., Fisher, F., and Haddadin, M. 2006. The economics of water in Jordan. In Water resources in Jordan, ed. M. Haddadin, 116-49. Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C.

Sandels, A. 2011. Jordan: Thousands of demonstrators protest food prices, denounce government. Los Angeles Times, 15 January.

Schenker, D. 2013. Will Jordan be the first Arab monarchy to fall? The Atlantic, 8 January. http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/01/willjordan-be-the-first-arab-monarchy-to-fall/266897/ http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/01/willjordan-be-the-first-arab-monarchy-to-fall/266897/

Seeley, N. 2013. The Jordanian state buys itself time. Middle East Research Information Project, 12 February. http://www.merip.org/mero/mero021213 http://www.merip.org/mero/mero021213

SEGURA/IP3. 2009. Reforming the water and sanitation sector: Challenges in corporatizing service provision—the case of Jordan. Amman: USAID. http://www.seguraco.net/ammanagua_files/Reforming%20the%20Water%20Sector%20in%20Jordan%201.PDF http://www.seguraco.net/ammanagua_files/Reforming%20the%20Water%20Sector%20in%20Jordan%201.PDF

70 million cubic metres of water stolen every year. 2011. Jordan Times, 27 October.

Shridhar, P. 2012. Maximizing the value of communications: A communications assessment of water companies in Jordan. Report no. 16, USAID Jordan, January.

Sit-ins held from Zarqa to Aqaba. 2011. Jordan Times, 21 February.

Sommaripa, L. 2011. Jordan Fiscal Reform Project II: Water public expenditure perspectives working paper. USAID/Jordan Economic Growth Office. http://www.frp2.org/english/Portals/0/PDFs/Water%20Public%20Expenditure%20Perspective%20Working%20Paper.pdf http://www.frp2.org/english/Portals/0/PDFs/Water%20Public%20Expenditure%20Perspective%20Working%20Paper.pdf

Southern Mazar residents protest against raising electricity tariffs. 2012. Jordan Times, 29 April.

Sowers, J., Vengosh, A., and Weinthal, E. 2011. Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa. Climatic Change 104(3):599-627.

Stanley Consultants. 1998. Preliminary report: Water quality investigation, Zai water treatment plant, August.

Susser, A. 2011. Jordan 2011: Uneasy lies the head. Middle East Brief 52, June. http://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB52.pdf http://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB52.pdf

Tourism council members face prosecution in “casino file.” 2011. Jordan Times, 27 December.

Tulfah, B. 2012. Interview with the author, Amman, 13 May. [Director of Performance Management Unit/Al-Meyyah Project Ministry of Water and Irrigation]

Tyner, J., and Rice, S. 2012. Moving beyond the “Arab Spring”: The ethnic, temporal, and spatial bounding of a political movement. Political Geography 31:131-32.

UNESCO. 2012. Facing the challenges. World Water Development Report 4, vol. 3. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002156/215644e.pdf http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002156/215644e.pdf

Verner, D., ed. 2012. Adaptation to a changing climate in the Arab countries. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Vogt, A. 2011. Jordan's eternal promise of reform. Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft 4:61-76.

Water demand increases by 16.8% between 1999-2008. 2010. Jordan Times, 24 March.

Workers at two Aqaba companies stage separate sit-ins. 2011. Jordan Times, 7 March.

World Bank. 2007. Making the most of scarcity: Accountability for better water management in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/Water_Scarcity_ Full.pdf http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/Water_Scarcity_ Full.pdf

Zawahri, N. 2008. Designing River commissions to implement treaties and manage international rivers: The story of the Joint Water Committee and Permanent Indus Commission. Water International 33(4):464-74.

Zecchini, L. 2011. Bedouin tribes accuse Jordan's Queen Rania of corruption. The Guardian, 13 February. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/15/bedouin-accuse-jordanqueen-corruption http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/15/bedouin-accuse-jordanqueen-corruption

Zetland, D., and Gasson, C. 2012. A global survey of urban water tariffs: Are they sustainable, efficient and fair? International Journal of Water Resources Development 29(1):1-16.

Zoubi, M. E. 2012. Interview with the author, Amman, 28 April. [Secretary General of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation.]

  • Download PDF