Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 22 Apr 2013

Cartographies of Nation Building: Creating and Contesting the Egyptian Geo-body

Page Range: 30 – 53
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.16.1.50w211063h64n561
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Both newly independent and well-established nation-states engage in varied nation-building activities and discourses in order to create some semblance of a coherent national identity and unity. Cartography is one of the major practices in nation building, playing a formative role in creating, sustaining, and at times even contesting the existence and legitimacy of nation-states. In this paper, I examine how the Egyptian “geo-body,” or the national territory, was constructed through different cartographic projects since its official, though nominal, independence in 1922. Drawing on a wide variety of maps published in Egypt since 1922, I focus on the official national cartographic discourses of the Egyptian state, as well as counter-cartographies that come from both the state and marginalized groups in Egypt. In doing so, I highlight how supranational and local scales are invoked with the national. As many scholars of critical geopolitics have asserted, it is essential to move away from the scale of the state, as the traditional scale of geopolitical analysis, in order to show more nuanced and often marginalized geopolitical perspectives. Moving between the scales of the state, the supranational, and the local highlights the numerous and contested identities in Egypt and creates an opportunity to question and problematize foundational geopolitical concepts of the nation-state (i.e., Egypt) and broader world regional or supranational categories (i.e., the Middle East or the Arab world).

Les États-nations, qu’ils soient solidement établis ou qu’ils aient récemment accédé à l’indépendance, produisent des discours et des activités variées de construction nationale afin de créer un semblant d’unité et une identité nationale cohérente. La cartographie est l’une des principales pratiques de la construction nationale: elle joue un rôle central dans la création, la pérennité et parfois même la contestation de la légitimité des États-nations. Dans cet article, j’examine comment le ≪ corps national ≫, le territoire national égyptien, fut construit grâce à différents projets cartographiques depuis son indépendance formelle en 1922. En puisant dans la grande diversité de cartes publiées en Égypte depuis cette date, les discours cartographiques nationaux produits par l’État égyptien ont été analysés ainsi que les cartographies contestataires propagées tant par l’État que par des groupes marginalisés de ce pays. Les échelles supranationales et locales sont associées avec l’échelle nationale. Comme de nombreux auteurs de travaux de géopolitique critique l’ont mis en exergue, il est urgent de se distancer de l’échelle de l’État de celle de l’analyse géopolitique traditionnelle, pour mettre en avant des regards géopolitiques plus nuancés et souvent marginalisés. Les allers retours entre les échelles de l’État, du supranational et du local révèlent la gamme des identités contestées en Égypte et permettent ainsi de contester et de problématiser les concepts géopolitiques fondamentaux de l’État-nation (à savoir ≪ l’Égypte ≫) et les catégories plus larges comme les régions supranationales comme le ≪ Moyen-Orient ≫ ou le ≪ Monde arabe ≫.

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