Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 18 Dec 2014

The World Bank and Africa: A Historical Overview of Shifting Paradigms and Strategies of Environmental and Habitat Management

Page Range: 377 – 415
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.16.4.786l7744p17h7484
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The World Bank has been the most prolific producer of development, environment, and habitat-management paradigms and strategies in Africa in the post-independence period. It has been particularly successful in creating a discourse in which Africa's developmental, environmental, human settlement, and natural-resource management problems have been framed, constructed, and deconstructed within global development and ecological discourses, management paradigms, strategies, and practices. Based on archival research, semi-structured interviews of World Bank environmental officers at its headquarters in Washington, D.C., and field experiences as environment and habitat director for UNEP (the United Nations Environment Program) and Habitat (the United Nations Center for Human Settlements) focal points in Ethiopia, the author argues that environment and habitat-management paradigms and strategies sponsored and promoted by the World Bank have yet to create strong, effective, and sustainable management capacities in the region. The uncritical and mechanical adoption of policy and analytical tools such as environmental assessments (EAs), country environmental assessments (CEAs), national environmental action plans (NEAPs), national environmental support programs for NEAPs (NESPs), country environmental strategy papers (CESPs), regional environmental strategies (RESs), and the mainstreaming of environmental agendas in national development and environmental management policies and strategies has done little to arrest or mitigate the deteriorating condition of Africa's environment. Likewise, the integrated urban-development projects, programmatic urban projects, and water and sanitation projects promoted and supported in Africa have not resulted in significantly improved and sustainable institutional development and capacity building in urban management.

La Banque mondiale a été le producteur le plus prolifique de paradigmes et de stratégies pour le développement, l’environnement et la gestion de l’habitat en Afrique pour les périodes des qui a suivi les indépendances. Elle a été particulièrement efficace dans la création d’un discours dans lequel le développement, l’environnement, les établissements humains et les problèmes de la gestion des ressources naturelles de l’Afrique ont été encadrés, construits et déconstruits au sein de discours mondiaux autour du développement et de l’écologie, ou sur des paradigmes, desstratégies et des pratiques de gestion. En s’appuyant sur des recherches d’archives, sur des entretiens semi-structurés avec des agents de l’environnement de la Banque mondiale à Washington, DC, et sur des expériences de terrain en tant que directeur d’un bureau pour l’environnement et l’habitat du PNUE (Programme des Nations Unies pour l’environnement) et pour Habitat (le Centre des Nations Unies pour les établissements humains) en Éthiopie, l’auteur soutient que les paradigmes et les stratégies de gestion de l’environnement et de l’habitat portés par la Banque mondiale n’ont pas encore su créer des capacités de gestion solides, efficaces et durables dans la région. L’adoption sans esprit critique de la politique et des outils d’analyse tels que les évaluations environnementales (EE), les analyses environnementales nationales (CEA), les plans nationaux d’action environnementale (PNAE), les programmes nationaux de soutien à l’environnement pour les PNAE (NESP), les documents de stratégie environnementale nationale (CESP), les stratégies régionales de l’environnement (RES), et l’intégration des programmes environnementaux dans les politiques et stratégies de gestion de l’environnement et de développement nationales ont tous fait peu pour arrêter ou atténuer la détérioration de l’environnement en Afrique. De même, les projets de développement urbain intégré, les projets de programmes urbains, et les projets d’eau et d’assainissement promus et soutenus en Afrique n’ont pas sensiblement et durablement amélioré les capacités institutionnelles dans la gestion urbaine.

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