Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 19 Apr 2011

The Tragedy of The Common Waters: Towards the Deepening Crisis Within the Jordan Basin

Page Range: 26 – 40
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.2.1.n47654621q86u745
Save
Download PDF

This paper considers Jordan basin waters and their present perilous state in the face of mounting demands and continuing overuse. A consideration of the "tragedy of the commons" metaphor and the related prisoner's dilemma provide the background to the paper. We focus some attention upon the lack of proven international law properly to regulate such deepening disputes that are in evidence within the Jordan basin. A brief summary and critique of attempts to consider and develop rules to resolve problems relating to "the community of interests of states" in a river basin serves as a backcloth to set the scene for an evaluation of the recent (1997) UN Convention. A highly critical overview of this Convention isolates its most unsatisfactory and loose wordage, its permissive rather than mandatory terminology, and its failure to provide a solid legal framework for real world predicaments and a sound basis for future elaboration. The need to adopt properly based, joint, total-river-basin management initiatives between the various riparians is stressed. An earnest plea is made to set aside recent loose UN pronouncements and to recognize the importance of the river basin per se and the interdependence of the various components of the hydrographic system. This in turn provides base pointers to the longer term need for a supra-state level organization to oversee environmental concerns within this most sensitive of regions.

Cet article examine les eaux du bassin-versant du Jourdain ainsi que leur état face à une demande croissante et à leur sur-utilisation. La métaphore de la Tragédie des Commons et le dilemme associé du prisonnier sert de cadre pour l'article. Nous soulignerons l'absence de lois internationales prouvées pour réguler les confrontations présentes dans le bassin du Jourdain. Un bref résumé et une critique des tentatives de développer des réglements relatifs à une communauté d'intérêt dans un bassin-versant sert de toile de fond pour une évaluation de la convention récente (1997) des Nations Unies. Un examen attentif et critique de ce document permet de déceler les imprécisions sémantiques, une terminologie lâche plutôt que coercitive ainsi que l'absence d'un cadre légal solide pour des élaborations futures. La nécessité d'adopter des initiatives de gestion solides, communes aux états riverains, est soulignée. Une demande est faite pour rejeter les déclarations des Nations Unies et de considérer chaque bassin-versant comme une entité propre ayant un système hydrographique interdépendant. Ceci signale la nécessité d'une vision à longue durée à travers des organisations supra-nationales pour gérer les questions environnementales dans les secteurs les plus sensibles.

Amery, H. A. 1997. Water security as a factor in Arab-Israeli wars and emerging peace. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 20:95-104.

Amery, H. A. and Kubarsi, A. A. 1994. The Litani River: The case against interbasin transfer. In Peace for Lebanon? From War to Reconstruction, ed. D. Collings, 179-194. Boulder, Colorado: Westview.

Benvenisti, E. and Gvirtzman, H. 1993. Harnessing international law to determine Israeli-Palestinian water rights: The mountain aquifer. Natural Resources Journal 33:543-66.

Benvenisti, M., Abu-Zayed, Z. and Rubinstein, D. 1986. The West Bank handbook: A political lexicon. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Post.

Chauhan, B. R. 1981. Settlement of international water law disputes in international drainage basins. Berlin: Schmidt.

Cox, R. W. 1994. Global restructuring: Making sense of the changing international political economy. In Political economy and the changing global order, ed. R. Stubbs and G. R. D. Underhill, 45-59. London: Macmillan.

Dellapenna, J. W. 1990. Water in the Jordan valley: The potential and limits of law. In The Palestine Yearbook of International Law. Nicosia, Cyprus: Al-Shaybani Society of International Law, 15-47.

Dellapenna, J. W. 1995. Designing the legal structures of water management needed to fulfill the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles. In The Palestine Yearbook International Law. Nicosia, Cyprus: Al-Shaybani Society of International Law, 63-103.

Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H., and Holdren, J. P. 1978. Ecoscience: Population, resources, environment. San Francisco: Freeman.

Elmusa, S. S. 1997. Water conflict: Economics, politics, law and the Palestinian-Israeli water resources. Washington DC: Institute for Palestinian Studies.

Falk, R. A. 1971. The Endangered Planet. New York: Random House.

Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons: The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension of morality. Science 162:1243-48

Hurrell, A. 1994. A crisis of ecological viability? Global environmental change and the nation state. Political Studies 42:146-65.

ICL 1994. Draft Articles on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Water-courses, Draft Report of the International Law Commission. UN. GAOR. 43rd Session, UN. Doc. A/CN 4/L 463/Add.4 (1991). Geneva: United Nations.

Johnston, R. J. 1992. Laws, states and super-states: International law and the environment. Applied Geography 12:211-228.

Johnston, R. J. 1994. Prisoner's dilemma. In The Dictionary of Human Geography, ed. R. J. Johnston; D. Gregory and D. M. Smith, 474, 3rd. ed. Oxford: Blackwell.

Kahhaleh, S. 1981. The water problem in Israel and its repercussions on the Arab-Israeli conflict. Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies.

Kliot, N. 1994. Water resources and conflict in the Middle East. London: Routledge.

Kliot, N. 1999. A co-operative framework for sharing scarce water resources: Israel, Jordan and the Palestinians. In Water resources in the Middle East at peace, ed. H. A. Amery and A. Wolf. Austin: University of Texas Press. In press.

Kuttab, J. 1994. Legal aspects of environmental control in Palestine. In Our shared environment: Israelis and Palestinians thinking together about the environment of the region in which they live, ed. R. Twite and J. Issac, 97-106. Jerusalem: Israeli-Palestine Center for Research and Information.

McCaffrey, S. C. 1991a. International organizations and the holistic approach to water problems. Natural Resources Journal 31:139-165.

McCaffrey, S. C. 1991b. United Nations international law commission report on the draft articles adopted at its forty-third Session. International Legal Materials 30:1554-62.

Macrory, R. 1985. Water law: Principles and practice. London: Longman.

Millis, J. 1999. Israel cut to Jordan water. The Jewish Chronicle, 19 March.

Montefiore, A. and Williams, W. M. 1955. Determinism and possibilism. Geographical Studies 2:1-11.

Muir, R. 1997. Political geography: A new introduction. London: Macmillan

Newman, D. 1994. Towards peace in the Middle East: The formation of state territories in Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Geography 79:263-268.

Newson, M. 1992. Land, water and development: River basin systems and their Sustainable management. London: Routledge.

O'Riordan, T. and More, R. J. 1969. Choice in water use. In Water, Earth and Man, ed. R. J. Chorley, 547-73. London: Methuen.

Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pearce, D. 1995. Blueprint 4: Capturing global environmental value. London: Earthscan.

Petersen, R. C., Madren, B. L., Wilzback, M. A., Magadza, C. H. D., Paarlberg, A., Kullberg, A., and Cummins, K. W. 1987. Stream management: Emerging global similarities. Ambio 16:166-79.

Postel, S. 1992. The last oasis: Facing water scarcity. London: Earthscan.

Prins, G. 1990. Politics and environment. International Affairs 66:711-30.

Rowlands, I. 1995. The politics of global atmospheric change. Manchester: University of Manchester Press.

Rowley, G. 1992. Human space, territoriality, conflict: An exploratory study with special reference to Israel and the West Bank. The Canadian Geographer 36:210-21.

Rowley, G. 1993. Multinational and national competition for water in the Middle East: Towards the deepening crisis. Journal of Environmental Management 39:187-197.

Rowley, G. 1999. Political controls of river waters and abstractions between various states within the Middle East: Laws and operations. In Water resources in the Middle East at peace, ed. H. A. Amery and A. Wolf. Austin: University of Texas Press. In press.

Salman, S., and de Chazournes, L. B., eds. 1998. International watercourses: Enhancing co-operation and managing conflict. Washington DC: The World Bank.

Shapira, A. 1992. Land and power: The Zionist resort to force 1881-1943. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Shapland, G. 1997. Rivers of discord: International water disputes in the Middle East. London: Hurst.

Silver, E. 1998. New fears after pullback. The Jewish Chronicle, 27 November.

Smith, C. G. 1966. The disputed waters of the Jordan. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 45:111-129.

Stanley Foundation. 1993. The UN role in intervention. Muscatine, Iowa: The Stanley Foundation.

Stauffer, T. R. 1996. Water and war in the Middle East: The hydraulic parameters of conflict. Washington D. C: The Center for Policy Analysis on Palestine.

Stevenson, G. 1991. Common property economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tarasofsky, R. G. 1993. International law and water conflicts in the Middle East. Environmental Policy and Law 23:70-73.

Teclaff, L. A. 1991. Fiat or custom: The checkered development of international water law. Natural Resources Journal 31: 4-73.

Teveth, S. 1987. Ben Gurion: The burning ground, 1886-1948. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

United Nations. 1990. Global outlook 2000. economic, social, environmental. New York: United Nations Publications.

United Nations. 1997. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses. International Legal Materials 36:70-720.

  • Download PDF