Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 19 Apr 2011

Islam, Politics and Identity in Uzbekistan: Political and Cultural Landscapes in Central Asia's Lynchpin State

Page Range: 220 – 233
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.2.3.gnw61mu13624283u
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The collapse of Soviet authority in Central Asia has left these states with an inchoate national identity. In Uzbekistan, an identity is emerging that is closely linked to the reemergence of Islam as a social and cultural substate, in spite of a decades-long effort to excise Islam from the region's cultural geography.

Since independence, the administration of Islam Karimov has undertaken to incorporate elements of Islam into national identity, albeit only under conditions determined and controlled by the state. At the same time, the religious landscape has been transformed, with thousands of new mosques and medressehs appearing in the years after the dispersal of Marxist-Leninist ideology. The recovery of the Islamic heritage and its connection to national identity is reinforced by recent field research. Surveys of university students taken in several geographically-dispersed cities indicate solid support among youth in Uzbekistan for the precepts of the faith, a clear sign that the region's long divorce from the remainder of the Muslim world had little permanent impact on its cultural landscape.

Attempts to modify the political landscape have accompanied alterations in the cultural landscape. These efforts have been crushed by the Karimov administration, which has cited an alleged "Wahhabi" threat to the country's stability, a policy received with little skepticism by western governments. In pursuing this path, the regime may be paving the way for the very radicalization of Islam that it seeks to avoid.

L'effondrement du pouvoir soviétique en Asie centrale a légué aux États de cette région une identité nationale embryonnaire. En Ouzbékistan une identité émerge, intimement liée au renouveau de l'Islam comme constituant d'un proto-État social et culturel, nonobstant les efforts soutenus pour gommer cette religion de la géographie culturelle de la région. Depuis l'indépendance de son pays, le gouvernement d'Islam Karimov a entrepris la prise en compte de certains préceptes de l'islam dans l'identité nationale, mais uniquement suivant des modalités imposées et contrôlées par l'État. Dans le même temps, durant la période qui suivit le rejet de l'idéologie marxiste-léniniste, le paysage religieux a été transformé avec l'apparition de milliers de mosquées et d'écoles coraniques. La réhabilitation de l'héritage islamique et son association à l'identité nationale sont confirmées par une étude de terrain récente. Des enquêtes menées auprès d'tudiants universitaires dans plusieurs villes géographiquement éparpillées, indiquent un soutien massif de la jeunesse ouzbek aux préceptes de leur foi, une indication claire que la longue séparation de la région du reste du monde musulman n' a pas agi durablement sur son paysage culturel. Des tentatives de réorganisation du paysage politique ont accompagné les mutations du paysage culturel. Ces tentatives ont été écrasées par le gouvernement de Karimov, qui avance un prétendu danger wahhabite qui menacerait la stabilité même du pays, une politique accueillie avec scepticisme par les gouvernements occidentaux. En suivant cette voie répressive, le régime pourrait préparer le terrain à une radicalisation de l'Islam qu'il cherchait précisément à éviter.

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