Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 19 Apr 2011

The Growth of Ashaiman as a Squatter Settlement in the Tema District of Ghana, 1950-1990

Page Range: 234 – 249
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.2.3.ht57t477j78kr486
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This paper investigates how Ashaiman (in the Tema District of Ghana) developed to become one of the largest squatter settlements in urban West Africa. Specifically, it examines the dynamics of the settlement's growth process from the late 1940s to the early 1990s and the factors involved. The study finds that Ashaiman's growth is linked to the construction of Tema in the 1950s as Ghana's industrial and port city. To develop the city of Tema, the government of Ghana acquired the land from the people who owned it and resettled them in a new township as compensation. However, non-natives (migrants) who lived on the land were excluded from this resettlement. Instead, they were allocated small plots of land at Ashaiman (then a small fishing village) to build their own houses. As Tema developed, it became a magnet for urban migrants and experienced a housing shortage. Consequently, many new migrants selected Ashaiman as a residential area. The availability of cheaper rental accommodation, the ease of building because of the lack of building regulations, and proximity to Tema made Ashaiman an attractive residential option. Analysis shows that most Ashaiman residents have low educational levels, with incomes far below the national average. The movement of migrants to Ashaiman has been influenced not only by economic factors but also by ethnic networks in the city. The settlement has experienced significant changes in its economic base and housing structures. However, it lacks most normal urban facilities and services.

Cet article examine comment Ashaiman (dans le district de Tema au Ghana) est devenu l'un des plus grand quartier d'habitat spontané en milieu urbain de l'Afrique occidentale. Il étudie plus particulièrement la dynamique de la croissance de ce quartier depuis la fin des années 1940 jusqu'au début des années 1990 ainsi que les différents facteurs pouvant l'expliquer. La croissance d'Ashaiman est à mettre en relation avec la mise en place de Tema, comme le port et le centre industriel du Ghana, durant les années cinquante. Pour développer la ville de Tema, le gouvernement a acquis des terrains et a réinstallé les populations qui les occupaient précédemment dans une nouvelle ville, à titre de compensation. Cependant, les résidents étrangers sur ces terres, pour la plupart des migrants, ont été exclus de ce programme. Ils ont par contre reçu de petites parcelles à Ashaiman, qui, à l'époque, n'était qu'un petit village de pêcheurs, pour y construire leurs mausons. En se développant, Tema est devenue un pôle d'attraction pour les migrants urbains et a ainsi connu une pénurie de logements. Ainsi, de nombreux nouveaux-venus ont choisi Ashaiman comme lieu de résidence. La disponibilité de logements en location bon marché, l'absence de règlements sur la construction et donc la relative facilité pour l'auto-construction, ainsi que la proximité de Tema, ont fait d'Ashaiman un espace résidentiel intéressant. Notre analyse montre que la plupart des résidents d'Ashaiman ont un niveau d'éducation bas et des revenus très inférieurs à la moyenne nationale. Le mouvement de migrants vers Ashaiman a été influencé non seulement par des facteurs économiques mais aussi par des réseaux ethniques dans la ville même. Malgré d'importants changements de sa base économique et de la structure de logements, Ashaiman ne dispose pas de la plupart des équipements et des services urbains habituels.

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