Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 24 Feb 2011

Ghayl and Miyan in Arabia Felix: The Ecology of Diffusion and Recession of Use

Page Range: 2 – 21
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.3.1.r4p6g215827323j0
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In the centuries before the first Christian millenium, Yemen was prosperous territory. “Arabia Felix,” happy or prosperous Arabia, was the name given by the Romans to this important trade region. During these last centuries BCE., Persians in the east were devising an ingenious method for collecting water from mountain aquifers, sending this water underground to more level alluvial plains. This system, known generically as a qanat, was later transplanted elsewhere by the Persians, and by those who borrowed their technology. Many scholars have accounted for their constructions in other lands, but this chapter in the diffusion of technology has been left with notable gaps, and one of these gaps concerns Arabia Felix. Ghayl and miyan, local vernacular terms for qanats in the west and east of Yemen, are relatively rare here. This paucity of qanats may be the result of Achaemenid and Parthian qanat builders bypassing the indigenous Yemeni kingdoms and only later introducing this technology during the florescence of Himyar and the Sassanid Persian satrapy. Regardless of the timing of this diffusion of technology, the ecology of place and the inertia of tradition restricted the implantation of qanats in the Yemeni landscape. A few qanats continue in service in modern Yemen, though most have fallen from use.

Pendant les siècles qui précèdent le premier millénaire chrétien, le Yémen était une région prospère. Arabia Felix, l'Arabie heureuse ou prospère, était le nom que les Romains donnèrent à cette importante région commerciale. Durant les derniers siècles précédant l'ère chrétienne, les Perses à l'est ont conçu une méthode ingénieuse pour collecter l'eau contenue dans les nappes aquifères des montagnes et pour l'envoyer, par voie souterraine, jusqu'aux plaines alluviales situées en contre-bas. Ce système, connu génériquement sous le nom de qanat, a été exporté plus tard vers d'autres régions par les Perses et par ceux qui ont emprunté leur technologie. De nombreux chercheurs ont analysé ces constructions dans différents pays, mais la connaissance de la diffusion de cette technique souffre encore de nombreux hiatus, et l'un d'entre eux concerne l'Arabia Felix. Ghayl et miyan désignent les qanats dans la langue vernaculaire de l'ouest et de l'est du Yémen ; mais ils y sont relativement rares. Cette absence pourrait s'expliquer par le fait que les bâtisseurs achéménides et parthes de qanats, ont contourné les royaumes yéménites indigènes, pour n'introduire cette technologie que plus tard, pendant l'age d'or de Himyar et de la satrapie sassanide perse. Quel que soit le moment de la diffusion de cette technique, l'écologie du milieu et l'inertie de la tradition ont réduit l'implantation des qanats dans les paysages yéménites. Quelques qanats sont encore en service dans le Yémen moderne, bien que la plupart soit tombée en désuétude.

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