Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 24 Feb 2011

Tribes and Territory in Modern Day Syria

Page Range: 102 – 112
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.5.2.6152m503208gx54t
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It is widely perceived that amongst the key factors behind rangeland degradation in Western Asia and North Africa (WANA) is the loss of political power by pastoral groups and the breakdown of their traditional systems of resource control. For many Arab countries that gained their independence after World War Two the role played by customary law among the moving tribes was seen as an anathema to a fledgling nation and what formal recognition it had was removed. A corollary to this was the nationalisation of the rangelands, which in theory, at least, opened the pastures to all nationals. The objectives to do away with policy of legal pluralism and undermine the tribal structure was no more pronounced than in Syria, the home of Arab Nationalism and the Socialist Ba'th Party, and in 1958 this was achieved. This paper examines the customary administration, its adaptation to increasing land scarcity and a hostile political environment, and the potential it has in future range management schemes. It will do this in part through detailing for the first time, a series of related written treaties secured among disputing tribes and guaranteed by the state over a quarter century, 1956 - 1981. Elsewhere in the WANA the tenacity of traditional systems is also coming to light. With the ineffectiveness of past state interventions, coupled with the growing fiscal crisis of the state throughout the region, these local institutions make the devolution of management responsibility to local organizations a feasible and an attractive option for policy makers.

Il est généralement admis que la dégradation des surfaces de parcours au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique du Nord est liée à la perte du pouvoir politique des groupes d'éleveurs nomades et à la disparition de leur système traditionnel de contrôle de l'accès aux ressources. Dans de nombreux pays arabes ayant accédé à l'indépendance à l'issue de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les lois coutumières des tribus nomades paraissant rétrogrades, leur reconnaissance fut abolie. L'une des conséquences de ce mouvement fut la nationalisation des parcours et, en théorie du moins, leur libre accès. L'objectif visant à éliminer le pluralisme juridique et à affaiblir les structures tribales a été particulièrement fort en Syrie, foyer du nationalisme arabe et du part Ba''th, et fut réalisé en 1958. Cette contribution analyse l'administration coutumière et son adaptation à la raréfaction croissante de terres et à un environnement politique hostile, ainsi que son potentiel en termes d'aménagement futur des surfaces de parcours. L'étude se fonde sur la première analyse des traités écrits, établis entre des tribus en conflit et garantis par l'État pendant un quart de siècle, de 1956 à 1981. Dans d'autres régions du Moyen-Orient et d'Afrique du Nord, la persistance des systèmes traditionnels commence aussi à se révéler. La faible efficacité des interventions étatiques passées et la l'accélération de la crise financière à laquelle sont confrontés les États de la région, font du transfert de responsabilités vers ces organisations locales une option réaliste et attractive pour les décideurs politiques.

Al-Sayyid, Jalal.1973. Hizb al-Ba'th Al`Arabi. Beirut: Arabi, 252-3. Quoted in N. Van Dam. 1996. The struggle for power in Syria. London: IB Tauris, 22.

Murphey, R. 1981. Reflections on Ottoman tribal policy as recorded in the 18th-century law court records of Aleppo. In IX Turk Tarih Kongresi, Ankara 21-25 Eylul, 1981, 945-55. Ankara: Turk Tarih Kongresi.

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SAR, Ministry of Interior. 1956a. Expert committee's fieldtrip report of the expert mediators. Submitted to the Damascus tribal conference. The Damascus Treaty papers.

SAR, Ministry of Interior. 1956b. Minutes of the tribal conference held in Esrieh, 16 August 1956 between Sba`ah, Mawali and Hadidiyin tribes. The Damascus treaty papers.

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