Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 24 Feb 2011

The Bedouin between Development and State: A Syrian Case-Study

Page Range: 85 – 101
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.5.2.m803456h49512004
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This paper is about the relation in development projects between policy and practice. The paper first considers the way in which the relation between people and their environment has been portrayed in development literature (e.g., the “tragedy of the commons,” the “conservation paradigm,” the “community,” and “common property”). Despite a re-oriented focus on community management, the idealized images produced in development narrative render local-level dynamics either invisible or irrelevant. The paper then explores the images used to describe the relation between the Bedouin of Syria and the Badiya (Syrian steppe) and the effects of those images on an internationally funded and government-supported wildlife conservation and rehabilitation scheme. The persistent use of images associated with the “tragedy of the commons” and the peculiar combination of formulas such as “open access” in a “community-development” approach are analyzed from an historical perspective. The program is placed in the context of past programs in the country and of the evolving relationship of the Bedouin to those programs. This approach reveals how the concepts discussed create obstacles for a truly participatory process of development and change. Finally, the paper calls for a shift away from the perception that development is an encounter between the all-powerful aid industry, on the one hand, and a powerless indigenous reality, on the other. The Syrian case testifies to the reality that development programs are a process in which power is multi-centered and the various actors involved meet to negotiate specific outcomes.

Cet article examine la relation existant entre politique et pratique dans les projets de développement. Dans un premier temps, l'article examine la manière dont les populations et leur environnement ont été représentés dans la littérature sur le développement (par exemple la ‘tragédie des communs’, le ‘paradigme de conservation’, la ‘communauté’ et la ‘propriété commune’). Malgré une réorientation des recherches sur la question de la gestion communautaire, les images idéalisées produites dans les récits sur le développement renvoient encore à des dynamiques locales caractérisées comme invisibles ou sans intérêt. Dans un second temps, l'article explore les images utilisées pour décrire les relations entres les Bédouins de Syrie et la Badiya (la steppe syrienne) et les effets de ces images sur les programmes de réhabilitation et de conservation de la flore et de la faune sauvages, soutenus par l'État et subventionnés par des institutions internationales. L'utilisation persistante d'images associées à la ‘tragédie des communs’ et l'utilisation de formules curieuses comme ‘accès public’ dans une approche de ‘développement communautaire’ sont analysées dans une perspective historique. Le programme est placé dans le contexte des programmes nationaux précédents et dans celui de l'évolution des relations des Bédouins à ces actions. Cette approche révèle que les concepts discutés créent des obstacles pour la mise en place de processus vraiment participatifs de développement et de changement. Enfin, l'article appelle à l'abandon de la perception du développement comme une rencontre entre le secteur, tout puissant, de l'aide d'une part, et d'une réalité indigène impuissante de l'autre. Le cas syrien montre que la réalité les programmes de développement sont un processus dans lequel le pouvoir est multicentré et les divers acteurs impliqués négocient les résultats particuliers.

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