Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 11 Mar 2011

Places of Mind, Occupied Lands: Edward Said and Philology

Page Range: 47 – 64
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.7.1-2.l7412w34q0332u26
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In Beginnings (1975a) Edward Said set out to revamp Comparative Literature—not in the spirit of creating a new theory but in homage to a literary past. Specifically, 19th- and early 20th-century European philologists like Edward Lane, Ernest Renan, and Raymond Schwab—the stars of Orientalism (1978)—demonstrated the literary methods and styles that allowed critics to play a decisive public and political role. Prevalent arguments over Said's Palestinian identity miss the more crucial aspect of his work, which insistently elaborated how to write and speak as a public person: a prolonged inquiry into the mechanics of being so. Falling neatly between two generations of European émigrés to the United States (one philological, the other deconstructive), Said rejected 1980s critical trends, finding in deconstruction an obscure and gullible "system." Theory represented an unwitting echo of the worst aspects of 19th-century philology (Renan's textual "science"). By contrast, it was the humanism of writers like Schwab or Antonio Gramsci that proved able to transmute the elusive language of the literary spirit into an urgent and contemporary issue of intellectual method. In Culture and Imperialism (1993), Said gives these ideas a more concrete referent by looking at non-Western literature in terms of space as territory. "Space" in literature was, for him, decidedly not a trope. The imperial plunder of geographical spaces by European colonization was, at least in part, the horribly real outcome of ideas created by literary men and women.

Dans Beginnings (1975a) Edward Saïd se donne la tâche de changer la littérature comparée — pas dans le but de créer une nouvelle théorie mais bien en hommage à un passé littéraire. Particulièrement, les philologues européens du dixneuvième et du début du vingtième siècle, comme Edward Lane, Ernest Renan et Raymond Schwab— les vedettes d'Orientalisme (1978)— exposent les méthodes et les styles littéraires qui permettent aux critiques de jouer un rôle public et politique décisif. Les idées reçues au sujet de son identité palestinienne passent à côté de l'aspect le plus crucial de son oeuvre, qui se penche de manière résolue sur les façons d'écrire et de parler en tant que personne publique: une enquête prolongée sur la mécanique d'une telle existence. Situé entre deux générations d'émigrés européens aux Etats-Unis (l'une philologique, l'autre déconstructiviste), Saïd rejetait les tendances critiques des années 1980, voyant dans la déconstruction un "système" obscure et naïf. La théorie représentait un écho involontaire des pires aspects de la philologie du dix-neuvième siècle (la « science » textuelle de Renan). En revanche, c'est l'humanisme d'auteurs comme Schwab ou Antonio Gramsci qui s'est avéré capable de transformer le langage élusif de l'esprit littéraire en une problématique contemporaine et urgente de la méthode intellectuelle. Dans Culture et Imperialisme (1993), Saïd donne à ces idées un référent plus concret en examinant la littérature non-occidentale en terme d'espace et de territoire. Avant lui, l' « espace » n'était décidément pas une figure de rhétorique en littérature. Le pillage impérial d'espaces géographiques par la colonisation européenne fut, au moins en partie, le résultat réel et horrible des idées créées par des hommes et des femmes de lettres.

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