Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 14 Mar 2011

Equitable Utilization and Significant Harm: Focusing International Water Law on Development

Page Range: 228 – 241
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.7.4.wwg267t228043516
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The cornerstones of international water law, the Equitable Utilization Principle (EUP) and the Significant Harm Principle (SHP), were universalized from Western federal laws in the 1967 Helsinki Rules and the 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses. A core theme of this article, one that has been little noted in the literature, is that such transfer into an international system of sovereign states, without the benefit of supranational courts with enforcement powers, undermines the utilitarian vision of the EUP. The article, moreover, furthers the argument that the factors of the EUP are nearly impossible to operationalize owing to the indeterminacy of their meanings, the inclusion of factors unrelated to utility, and a lack of weighting preferences. The intractability of the EUP leaves the SHP, which favors the powerful riparians, as the default principle. As a remedy we propose that (a) social, economic, and environmental needs must be made the paramount factor of the EUP and (b) the SHP must be broadened to embrace potential use. Professionally, lawyers, who have been the main authors of the law, must partner with engineers and social scientists, who are dissatisfied with that law. International organizations such as the International Law Association (ILA) and World Bank could be the starting point for this reform.

La clé de voûte du droit international sur l'eau – le principe de l'utilisation équitable (PUE) et le principe du préjudice d'importance (PPI) – ont été rendus universels à partir de lois fédérales occidentales contenues dans les Règles d'Helsinki de 1967 et la Convention des Nations Unies de 1997 sur le droit relatif à l'utilisation des cours d'eau internationaux à des fins autres que la navigation. Le thème principal de cet article, relativement négligé par d'autres auteurs, est qu'un transfert d'États souverains dans un système international dans l'action de tribunaux dotés de pouvoirs contraignants sape la vision utilitariste du PUE. Cet article développe en outre l'idée que les facteurs du PUE sont pratiquement impossibles à rendre opérationnels suite à l'imprécision aux sens donnés, l'inclusion de facteurs sans rapport à l'utilité, et l'absence de péréquations appliquées aux préférences. La difficulté d'application des termes du PUE fait que le PPI devienne le principe par défaut, car il favorise les riverains les plus puissants. Pour remédier à ce problème, nous proposons que 1) les besoins sociaux, économiques et environnementaux constituent le facteur principal du PUE, et que 2) le PPI soit élargi pour inclure des usages potentiels. Professionnellement, les juristes, qui sont les auteurs principaux du Droit, doivent s'associer aux ingénieurs et aux chercheurs en sciences sociales mécontents des termes de cette Loi. Des organisations internationales comme l'Association de droit international (ILA) et la Banque mondiale pourraient être à la source de cette réforme.

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