Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 14 Mar 2011

From the "Conqueror Style" to the "Protector Style": Architectural Dialogues in French Dakar, Senegal

Page Range: 242 – 260
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.7.4.c47673j4952h4619
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Research into the history of European planning policies and architectural practices beyond Europe is relatively limited in scope. Dating mostly from the last two decades, it is also confined almost exclusively to the francophone and anglophone territories of North Africa and to Madagascar, Australia, the Middle East, and the Far East. Sub-Saharan Africa has scarcely received any attention in this regard. This article will reflect on the French colonial architecture of Dakar, Senegal, a prototypical urban centre that became the federal capital of French West Africa in 1902. Discursive relationship between francophone building styles in Dakar and indigenous Islamic traditions will be stressed here, against the background of the French colonial doctrines of assimilation and association by the first half of the 20th century.

In addition, the role of the built-up form in the self-building of colonial identity versus the colonized "otherness" will be analyzed, showing the intimate connection between racial and spatial politics and between modernism, historicism, and colonialism. The analysis also shows that vernacular architecture in "black," sub-Saharan, Africa was "Africanized" by the French colonial regime in a similar process as that by which vernacular building traditions in North Africa were "orientalized" by the same regime.

La recherche sur l'histoire des politiques d'aménagement et des pratiques architecturales européennes ailleurs qu'en Europe est limitée. Rédigés le plus souvent au courant des deux dernières décennies, ces travaux sont limités presque exclusivement aux territoires anglophones et francophones de l'Afrique du Nord, de Madagascar, du Proche Orient, de l'Australie et de l'Extrême Orient. L'Afrique sub-saharienne n'a guère reçu d'attention. Cet article examine l'architecture coloniale française à Dakar, Sénégal, un centre urbain prototypique qui devint la capitale fédérale de l'Afrique Occidentale Française en 1902. Les relations discursives entre styles de bâtiments à Dakar et les traditions islamiques autochtones sont étudiées par rapport au milieu socioculturel des doctrines coloniales francophones de l'assimilation et de l'association pendant la première moitié du vingtième siècle. Par ailleurs, l'article analyse le rôle que joue la forme bâtie dans l'autodéveloppement d'une identité coloniale contrastant avec « l'Autre » colonisé et propose d'exposer le lien intime entre les politiques raciale et spatiale, et le modernisme, l'historicisme et le colonialisme. Cette analyse montre comment l'architecture vernaculaire d'Afrique noire, sub-saharienne a été « africanisée » par le régime colonial français, exposant ainsi un processus similaire à « l'Orientalisation » des traditions de construction vernaculaires en Afrique du Nord par le même régime.

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