Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 14 Mar 2011

Edward Said Meets Ameen Rihani: Lebanon's Forgotten Orientalism

Page Range: 16 – 31
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.8.1-2.050n31045587w875
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Edward Said's famous statement, in Orientalism (1995), that Oriental scholars "still want to come and sit at the feet of American Orientalists" is belied by the writings of the Lebanese-American author Ameen Rihani (1876–1940). Following Said's death, and except for a few critically informed but scattered voices, the Orient vs. the West arena has been left to figures like Francis Fukuyama, Samuel Huntington, and Bernard Lewis, who have taken upon themselves the task of deciding—whether in overtly simplifying strategies or in covertly anti-Arab misreadings— the fate of the "Orient" and, thus, of settling the issue of how to deal with what has recently become the growing problem of the "Oriental" and, specifically, of the "Arab," in the wake of the events of September 11. Indeed, some of Said's most frustrating struggles have been with deconstructing a demonized, unitary representation of a religion not his own: Islam. Yet Ameen Rihani, another Arab Christian, presents one of the earliest attempts at narrating the encounter between the "Orient" and the "West," between "Arabs" and "Americans" and, more importantly, between the "Mosque" and the "Church," and at demythologizing the unending misconceptions that have plagued, almost unchecked, the representation of this "Other" until its present-day culmination. At a time when Lebanon was discovering America and America was beginning to lay farreaching foundations in the Middle East, Rihani's insights into the very real problems revolving around the representation of the Orient to the West, and vice versa, some 50 years before Orientalism can be seen as a serious contribution to the increasingly difficult yet still ongoing dialogue on—and, crucially, between—the "Orient" and "America." Rihani's forgotten Orientalism can work toward redressing the precarious balance painstakingly maintained by Said's magisterial œuvre and, by the same token, can restore Rihani's place among the early-20th-century Arab writers on the perceived East–West divide.

La déclaration célèbre d'Edward Saïd, dans L'Orientalisme, que les chercheurs orientaux "souhaitent toujours vouloir venir se prosterner aux pieds des orientalistes americains" est démentie par les œuvres de l'auteur libanoaméricolain Amine Rihani (1876–1940). Après la mort de Saïd, mises à part quelques rares voix avisées et critiques, le débat entre l'Orient et l'Occident est désormais mené par des personnes comme Francis Fukuyama, Samuel Huntington et Bernard Lewis, qui se sont appropriés la tâche de décider — que ce soient par des stratégies simplistes ou par des interprétations anti-arabes éronnées à peine voilées — le sort de « l'Orient ». Par là, ils se sont permis de résoudre la question de la manière de traiter ce qui est devenu récemment le problème croissant de l'« Oriental » et plus précisément de l'« Arabe » dans le sillage des évènements du 1-Septembre. En effet, certains des combats les plus frustrants menés par Saïd, fut de déconstruire une représentation diabolisée d'une religion qui n'était pas la sienne: l'islam. Toutefois, Amine Rihani, un autre chrétien arabe, offre une des premières tentatives de narrer la rencontre entre « l'Orient » et « l'Occident », entre les Arabes et les Américains et, plus important encore, entre Mosquée et Église. Pour cela, il détruit les mythes et les éternels malentendus qui ont défiguré l'image de cet « Autre » dans sa représentation actuellement paroxystique. Au moment où le Liban découvrait l'Amérique et que l'Amérique posait les fondations de sa présence au Moyen-Orient, la perspicacité de Rihani quant aux réels problèmes autour de l'image qu'avait l'Occident de l'Orient et vice-versa environ 50 ans avant L'Orientalisme, peut être vue comme une contribution majeure à ce dialogue d'une difficulté croissante, certes, mais décisif sur (et de manière plus importante, entre) l'Orient et l'Amérique. L'orientalisme oublié de Rihani peut contribuer au redressement de l'équilibre précaire soigneusement maintenu par l'œuvre magistrale de Saïd et peut, de ce fait, restituer à Rihani sa place parmi les écrivains arabes du début du vingtième siècle ayant travaillé sur la perception de la division entre L'Orient et l'Occident.

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