Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 14 Mar 2011

Race, Power, and Internal Orientalism in the U.S.: Reflections on Edward Said and the Responsibilities of Intellectuals

Page Range: 32 – 45
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.8.1-2.058l30v02864031q
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Edward Said advocated an activist role for intellectuals and argued for their responsibility to speak truth to power and to ally with the "weak and unrepresented." This article examines the ethics of responsibility on the part of the intellectual from a geographic perspective. It uses the example of internal orientalism in the United States to show the usefulness of considerations of scale to the moral calculus of the politically engaged intellectual. It begins with a brief review of the issue of power within Orientalism, as described by Said, and the responsibility of the intellectual in that context. It then examines these issues in the context of internal orientalism in the United States. "The South" is considered as an internal spatial other in the United States, but within this othering there are two others, African-Americans and white "Southerners." The responsibility of the intellectual to each is discussed, and the appropriate stance of the intellectual on the U.S. Civil War is examined in this light. The explicit use of scale reveals the possibility that one may judge the injustice at the regional scale (slavery) as outweighing any injustice created by the power imbalance at the national scale. In addition, the responsibility of the intellectual to the others of internal orientalism involves illuminating the process through which the spatial identities are constructed.

Edward Saïd prônait un rôle actif pour les intellectuels et les mettait en demeure face à la responsabilité de dire la vérité au pouvoir et de s'associer aux « faibles et non-représentés ». Cet article examine l'éthique de la responsabilité des intellectuels dans une perspective géographique. Il utilise l'exemple de l'orientalisme interne aux États-Unis pour illustrer l'utilité du jeu des échelles dans les enjeux moraux des intellectuels politiquement engagés. Il débute avec un bref rappel de la question du pouvoir au sein de l'orientalisme, tel que décrit par Saïd, et les responsabilités des intellectuels dans ce contexte. Il examine par la suite ces questions dans le contexte de l'orientalisme interne aux États-Unis. « Le Sud » est considéré comme un Autre, géographique, interne à ce pays. Cependant, dans ce processus d'exclusion, deux Autres se dégagent: les Afro-américains et les Blancs du Sud. Les responsabilités des intellectuels vis-à-vis de chacun sont débattues et la position particulière des intellectuels face à la Guerre Civile Américaine est examinée sous cet angle. L'usage explicite des échelles révèle la possibilité de mesurer une injustice au niveau régional (l'esclavage) comme surpassant toute injustice créée par un déséquilibre de pouvoir à l'échelle nationale. De plus, la responsabilité des intellectuels face aux différents Autres de l'orientalisme interne nécessite la mise en lumière des processus par lesquels des identités territoriales sont construites.

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