Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 14 Mar 2011

Ambiguous Visibility: Islam and the Making of a South African Landscape

Page Range: 90 – 103
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.8.1-2.fk442369161t8t46
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For European settlers in South Africa, the landscape refused to be blank and inscribable, denying a settler fantasy of a new Eden. Instead, the landscape insistently conveyed history and anteriority, and thus it evoked a sense of settlers as temporary, newcomers, passing. Yet by the end of the 19th century, history textbooks in the South African colonial territories articulated a different vision of the land: that its history began in 1652 with the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck, the Dutch commander of the provisioning outpost established at the Cape. This was a rhetorical declaration of settler belonging so profound that nothing existed before. Along with the brute power of war, displacement, and genocide, this sense of belonging was realized through a discursive mechanism that named the details of the landscape and people who preceded European settlement as profoundly other, as lacking in fit and significance. This Ademic project of naming is recounted in the nine pages in the Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles that delineate the meanings of the most notorious word in South African history, known most pointedly from its licence of violence towards Blacks during apartheid, but used and elaborated during the colonial period. The word is "kaffir." This article explores how language and a visual discourse around Islam are present in the making of a South African landscape.

Pour les colons européens en Afrique du Sud, le paysage refusait d'être blanc et inscriptible, niant par là leur fantaisie d'un nouvel Éden. Au contraire, le paysage dépeignait inlassablement histoire et antériorité, et évoquait l'idée que les colons étaient temporaires, des nouveaux venus, des êtres de passage. Cependant, à la fin du XIXe siècle, les livres d'histoire des territoires colonisés d'Afrique du Sud donnaient une vision différente du pays: son histoire commence en 1652 avec l'arrivée de Jan van Riebeeck, le commandant néerlandais du poste d'approvisionnement établi au Cap. Ce fut une déclaration rhétorique d'appartenance profonde qui affirmait que rien n'avait existé avant le colon. Avec la puissance brutale de la guerre, de la déportation et du génocide, ce sentiment d'appartenance se réalisa dans un mécanisme discursif qui nomma les détails du paysage et de la population précédant l'arrivée des Européens comme ayant été profondément différents et dénués d'intérêt et de signification. Ce projet académique de dénomination est décrit dans le Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles (Dictionnaire de l'anglais sud-africain des principes historiques) qui explique le sens du mot le plus célèbre de l'histoire sud-africaine, « kaffir », connu pour sa légitimation de la violence contre les Noirs pendant l'apartheid, mais utilisé et élaboré pendant la période coloniale. Cet article explore comment la langue et le discours visuel sur l'islam sont présents dans la production d'un paysage sud-africain.

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