Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 14 Mar 2011

Jemaa el Fna Square in Marrakech: Changes to a Social Space and to a UNESCO Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity as a Result of Global Influences

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Page Range: 173 – 195
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.8.4.t5470l4354234330
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Jemaa el Fna Square in the Medina of Marrakech is known for its performing street artistes: story-tellers, acrobats, Arab and Berber musicians, and Gnauwa groups and seers, who work daily before a local, regional, and foreign tourist audience in the specific form of a halqa ("circle"). In 2001, following an initiative by the Spanish writer Juan Goytisolo, who sought to prevent the execution of plans to build a glass tower close by, the square was proclaimed a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. This proclamation and the growing popularity of Marrakech as a destination for international tourists can be seen as two global influences on the square. In addition, social changes in Morocco have influenced both the performers and the local audience in the square. This article examines the effects and the interconnection of these different global influences on Jemaa el Fna. The feasibility of "safeguarding" the oral and intangible traditions of the square, as required by UNESCO, and the difficulties this entails are discussed in light of the pressures of tourism and recent social changes.

La place Jamaa el Fna, située dans la médina de Marrakech, est connue pour ses artistes de rue – conteurs, acrobates, musiciens berbères et arabes, ainsi que les groupes et voyantes gnaouas – qui travaillent quotidiennement pour un public local, régional et pour les touristes étrangers, chacun formant leur propre halqa (« cercle », en arabe). En 2001, la place a été proclamée par l'UNESCO chef d'œuvre du patrimoine oral et immatériel de l'humanité, suite à une initiative de l'écrivain espagnol Juan Goytisolo, qui a voulu empêcher la réalisation d'une tour de verre dans les environs. Cette proclamation et la popularité grandissante de Marrakech auprès des touristes internationaux, peuvent être lues comme deux influences mondiales sur la place. De plus, les changements sociaux au Maroc ont influencé les artistes et le public local. L'article examine les effets et les relations de ces différentes influences mondiales sur Jamaa el Fna. La mise en œuvre pratique de la « sauvegarde » des traditions orales et immatérielles de la place, exigée par l'UNESCO, ainsi que les difficultés qui en résultent, sont traitées à la lumière des pressions touristiques et des récents changements sociaux.

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