Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 14 Mar 2011

Nationalism for Security? Re-examining Zionism

Page Range: 220 – 247
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.8.4.r25g15x634020503
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If combined with nationalism, does the notion of security take on exclusionary properties, thereby becoming a right for some people but not all, in a sense a privilege? Perhaps today the epitome of security-focused nationalism is Zionism, the founding umbrella ideology of the state of Israel. This article looks at Zionism's origins, present ideologies, and consequences to provide insight into exclusivism as not only a consequence of threat but also a precursor to its perception. From Theodor Herzl's conceptualization of Zionism in 1896 to today's apparent resurgence in radical right-wing Zionist thought, Zionism has been promoted as a response to persecution. What has emerged, therefore, is an exclusivist ideology that, on the one hand, forcibly encourages conformity among Jews and, on the other hand, openly debates "transferring" Palestine's remaining indigenous population to gain a Jewish "demographic majority."

Zionism was thus not only a response to the exclusionary nationalism of others but also a reproduction of it. Historians now question the degree of regional threat posed in the past, while raising the question of the human costs of Zionism. New social and territorial configurations have been deliberately carved, and arguments linking expansionism to self-defence and security are increasingly untenable. While a single case study cannot answer the array of questions concerning today's security-saturated discursive climate in Israel and in the national imaginary, it can shed valuable light on, and point up the kinds of inequalities (territorial and otherwise) generated and sustained in the name of, an exclusively and all-too-elusively defined need for "security."

Associée au nationalisme, la notion de sécurité prendrait-elle des propriétés d'exclusion, devenant ainsi un droit pour certains et pas pour d'autres, en un sens un privilège? Aujourd'hui, le sionisme — l'idéologie fondatrice de l'État d'Israël — est peut-être l'incarnation même d'un tel nationalisme centré sur la sécurité. Cet article examine les origines du sionisme, ses idéologies contemporaines et ses conséquences, pour comprendre son exclusivisme, non seulement comme la conséquence de menaces, mais comme le précurseur même de sa perception. De la conceptualisation du sionisme par Herzl en 1896 à la résurgence actuelle de la pensée sioniste radicale de droite, le sionisme a été présenté comme une réponse à des persécutions. Ce qui a émergé est une idéologie d'exclusion, qui d'une part, force une conformité parmi les juifs et d'autre part, discute ouvertement du « transfert » des résidus de la population indigène de la Palestine afin d'obtenir une « majorité démographique » juive.

Le sionisme n'était donc pas seulement une réponse au nationalisme d'exclusion d'autres groupes, mais une reproduction de celui-ci. Les historiens interrogent aujourd'hui l'importance réelle de la menace régionale posée dans le passé, tout en soulevant la question du coût humain du sionisme. De nouvelles configurations sociales et territoriales ont été délibérément façonnées, rendant de moins en moins crédibles les arguments liant l'expansionnisme à l'autodéfense et à la sécurité. Alors qu'un seul cas d'étude ne peut répondre à la totalité des questions concernant l'ambiance discursive actuelle saturée de sécurité en Israël et dans l'imaginaire national, il peut néanmoins mettre en lumière les inégalités (territoriales ou autres) générées et perpétuées au nom d'un besoin de « sécurité » défini de manière exclusive et élusive.

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