Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 11 Mar 2011

Debating Somali Identity in a British Tribunal: The Case of the BBC Somali Service

Page Range: 40 – 73
DOI: 10.5555/arwg.9.1.l4378pn5796q0164
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Some scholarly works and policy writings have conflated the old notion of cultural identity with the more recent politicization of ethnicity. One of the best cases where cultural traditions have been confounded with political dispositions is Somalia. The country that was once considered Africa's nation-state par excellence is now dubbed a society deeply divided along clan lines. Genealogy is said to determine any Somali's political orientation. Political ethnicity appears triumphant in Somalia, as a coalition of warlords and donors have agreed to restructure the country into a federation of clans. This essay challenges this stream of thought and practice by arguing that blood alone has not been the only factor defining Somali identity. Instead, language, religion, custom, genealogy, and mode of livelihood mutually constitute identity. The article reports on a British court case that considered the nature of Somali identity. Advocates of political ethnicity argued that a Somali's political outlook is determined at birth by his or her genealogy. Conversely, those influenced by a social constructionist view disputed the claim that one's genealogical pedigree preordains one's political outlook. The latter warns about the dangers of blood-based politics, as in Rwanda.

Certains travaux scientifiques et écrits de politique d'action font coïncider d'anciennes identités culturelles avec la politisation plus récente de l'ethnicité. Un des meilleurs exemples d'une telle fusion entre traditions culturelles et inclinaisons politiques est celui de la Somalie. Ce pays, autrefois considéré comme l'État-nation africain par excellence, est maintenant montré comme une société profondément divisée par des logiques claniques et la généalogie déterminerait le choix politique de tout Somalien. L'ethnicité politique semblerait triompher en Somalie, alors même qu'une coalition de chefs de guerre et de bailleurs de fonds se sont mis d'accord pour restructurer le pays en une fédération de clans. Cet article refuse ce courant de pensée et ces pratiques en arguant que les liens de sang n'ont pas été les seuls facteurs définissant l'identité somalienne. Au contraire, la langue, la religion, les coutumes, la généalogie et le mode de vie constituent ensemble celle-ci. Cet article relate un avis juridique britannique qui s'est penché sur la nature de l'identité somalienne. Les partisans de l'ethnicité politique ont avancé que les choix politiques d'un Somalien étaient déterminés dès sa naissance par sa généalogie. Inversement, ceux qui étaient influencés par un point de vue constructiviste social ont critiqué l'affirmation selon laquelle le pedigree généalogique prédestinait les convictions politiques. Ces derniers ont mis en garde des dangers d'une politique basée sur des liens de sang, comme au Rwanda.

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